Seminole Wars Authority

SW079 War Reenacting: What Is It Good For? Living Historians Bring Back Past at Florida Parks

Episode note: Mark your calendars for three upcoming Florida living history events: Nov. 13 at the Dade Battlefield Historic State Park for Florida Heritage Day and Dade Park Centennial; Dec 18 Pioneer Day at the Pioneer Museum in Dade City; and Jan. 1-2, 2022 at the Dade Park for the annual Dade Battle re-enactment. 
 
Reenacting war scenes as public spectacle is one means living historians use to bring the general public closer to an understanding of a particular clash in the past. Are they paying homage to the past? Are they playing soldier or Seminole to pretend the past?
The profession is one that takes its participation seriously. Many spend hundreds or even thousands of dollars on uniform items to ensure they represent properly the period they are portraying. Once called "sham battles" in the 19th century, the modern military reenactment movement began in the 1950s, as the centennial of the Civil War approached. Reenactors are in demand by Hollywood producers, with many playing bit parts as soldiers in "Glory!" and "Gettysburg" among other films. 
Autodidact historical hobbyist Jesse Marshall joins us to explain what the spectacle of a military battle reenactment entails and how it has evolved since its origination in the 1950s. Marshall states that Time Machines by Jay Anderson is the most profound book he's read on the living history profession. It is his guide and lodestar.
 
 
Jesse Marshall, portraying an Army officer, excitedly discusses the recent action at a reenactment engagement. 
 
 
Reenactors at the annual Dade Battle spectacle can play regular foot soldiers or Seminole or specific individuals from history. Here, "Luis Pacheco" points out something suspicious on the Fort King Road to an Army officer reenactor. Below, behind the scenes, he can rejoin the 21st century -- but never in front of the public. 
 
 
 
Host Patrick Swan is a board member with the Seminole Wars Foundation. He is a combat veteran and of the U.S. Army, serving in Iraq, Afghanistan, Kuwait, and Kosovo, and at the Pentagon after 9/11. A military historian, he holds masters degrees in Public History, Communication, and Homeland Security, and is a graduate of the US Army War College with an advanced degree in strategic studies. This podcast is recorded at the homestead of the Seminole Wars Foundation in Bushnell, Florida. 
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SW078 Confederate Torpedo Service Chief, Unsung ‘Father‘ of Coastal Defense, First Blasted Seminole with Early Land Mine Munitions in 1840

Gabriel Rains was a Confederate general who ran their torpedo service during the Civil War. HIS torpedoes – we call them sea mines today – were what Union Admiral David Farragut was damning when he ordered his fleet full speed ahead in the 1864 Battle of Mobile. Today, some consider him an unsung father of coastal defense through World War II. His land mines ripped a horrendous cost on soldiers passing critical road points. 
 
 
A mine-clearing ship, the USS Patapsco, assigned to the South Atlantic Blockading Squadron, joined eight other ironclads in a vigorous attack on Fort Sumter, and received 47 hits from Confederate gunfire during that day. In time, Fort Sumter was reduced to a pile of rubble, but remained a formidable opponent.  On 15 January 1865, while participating in obstruction clearance operations in Charleston Harbor, Patapsco struck a Confederate mine and sank, with 75 lost. Most of its sailors remain entombed in the underwater wreck. Five who died are buried outside Fort Moultrie, next to Seminole leader Osceola's grave. 
 
An infantry officer by branch, the 1827 US Military Academy graduate had a sideline tinkering with explosives. He employed land mines around forts the Army was evacuating and scored a few hits on curious Seminoles attempting to enter a fort’s walls. He sustained serious wounds in one skirmish between his troops and the Seminole. It was for these wounds that Rains requested compensation in the 1870s. And he DID finagle a pension of sorts out of the Federal government after the war. No, it was not for his service in coastal defense and sea-land mine technology and employment in the Civil War, but rather, for taking wounds in the Second Seminole War!
Chris Kimball, who devoted a chapter to Rains in his Alachua Ambush collection, returns to discuss and describe Rains’ impact as an officer in two armies.
Host Patrick Swan is a board member with the Seminole Wars Foundation. He is a combat veteran and of the U.S. Army, serving in Iraq, Afghanistan, Kuwait, and Kosovo, and at the Pentagon after 9/11. A military historian, he holds masters degrees in Public History, Communication, and Homeland Security, and is a graduate of the US Army War College with an advanced degree in strategic studies. This podcast is recorded at the homestead of the Seminole Wars Foundation in Bushnell, Florida. 
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SW077 To Understand the Seminole People, Take a Jaunt Along the Seminole Trail throughout Florida

 
This podcast has featured many episodes on the Fort King Road. This week we explore the Seminole Trail.
The trail is a patchwork of sites and scenes throughout Florida that are related to the Seminole Indians. In Traveling Florida’s Seminole Trail: A Complete Guide to Seminole Indian Historic and Cultural Sites, Doug Alderson hits the road to discover and assess the Seminole footprint in Florida.
Doug takes readers to the Old Negro Fort site in the Panhandle, the Alachua Savannah near Gainesville, the Dade Battlefield in Bushnell, the Smallwood store in the Ten Thousand Islands, Indian Key in the Florida Keys, the destroyed sugar plantations near St. Augustine and everywhere between the Seminoles kept a presence.
An author of 15 published books, Doug Alderson writes about the historic and dynamic nature of his home state of Florida. His books include this one, for which he recently published an updated, 2nd edition. Of note to listeners, he penned A New Guide to Old Florida Attractions, which the Florida Writers Association placed in the top five of published books for 2017. He has won four first place Royal Palm Literary awards for travel books and several other state and national writing and photography awards. Additionally, his articles and photographs have been featured in numerous magazines including Native Peoples, Wildlife Conservation, American Forests, Sea Kayaker, Sierra, and Mother Earth News.
Above, Seminole Living History Interpreters clear their weapons in a salute at the annual re-enactment of the Battle of Okeechobee. Below, a Seminole interpreter charges during the annual Dade Battle re-enactment. 
Host Patrick Swan is a board member with the Seminole Wars Foundation. He is a combat veteran and of the U.S. Army, serving in Iraq, Afghanistan, Kuwait, and Kosovo, and at the Pentagon after 9/11. A military historian, he holds masters degrees in Public History, Communication, and Homeland Security, and is a graduate of the US Army War College with an advanced degree in strategic studies. This podcast is recorded at the homestead of the Seminole Wars Foundation in Bushnell, Florida. 
Subscribe automatically to the Seminole Wars through your favorite podcast provider, such as iHeart or Stitcher or Spotify, DoubleTwist, or Pandora or Google podcasts or iTunes, or ... Check it out so you always get the latest episode without delay where and when you want it. Like us on Facebook, LinkedIn, and YouTube!

SW076 1950s’ Hollywood Films Carve Fanciful Views of Everglades Struggle to Remove Seminole; Introduce ‘Wilhelm Scream‘ to moviegoers

Listeners to this Seminole Wars podcast understand the rich scenic cinematic possibilities in telling the story of this long Florida-based conflict. The film makers in Hollywood did, too, back in the 1950s anyway.
Distant Drums, Seminole, and Naked in the Sun are three films taking some aspect of the war and presenting a fanciful view with great liberties to tell a compelling narrative. Distant Drums is the first film to use the so-called 'Wilhelm Scream.' We've all heard it: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cdbYsoEasio (identified with the 3rd film to use the sound effect).
 
 
Illustration of Wilhelm scream.
 
The Wilhelm scream is a stock sound effect that has been used in a number of films and TV series, beginning in 1951 with the film Distant Drums. The scream is usually used when someone is shot, falls from a great height or is thrown from an explosion. The sound is named after Private Wilhelm, a character in The Charge at Feather River, a 1953 Western in which the character gets shot in the thigh with an arrow. 
 
The Wilhelm scream originates from a series of sound effects recorded for the 1951 movie Distant Drums. In a scene from the film, soldiers are wading through a swamp in the Everglades, and one of them is bitten and dragged underwater by an alligator. The screams for that scene, and other scenes in the movie, were recorded later in a single take. The recording was entitled: "Man getting bit by an alligator, and he screamed." The fifth take of the scream was used for the soldier in the alligator scene. The fifth take, which later became known as the iconic "Wilhelm scream," was probably voiced by actor Sheb Wooley (who played the uncredited role of Pvt. Jessup in Distant Drums).
 
 
 
 
Yellowneck, a fourth film, in what we might dub a Seminole Swamp series of movies, focuses on Confederate deserters trudging through the Everglades and meeting hostile Seminoles as they pass through their reservation to the Florida coast. Seminole Medicine man and leader Josie Billie makes a cameo, portraying, who else, a Seminole. 
 
 
Two others, Seminole Uprising and War Arrow, portray the Seminoles in Oklahoma and Texas as antagonistic or supporting of the U.S. Army. But although they feature actors purportedly playing Seminoles, the plots of either film could have proceeded without trouble had any other American Tribe been selected.
In this episode, autodidact and cinephile Jesse Marshall returns to give us the run down on the good, the bad, and the ugly of these films, with greatest focus on the three films actually set in the Seminole Wars. They featured journeymen actors but also some genuine box officer superstars – Gary Cooper, Rock Hudson, Anthony Quinn. None were great films but they all harbored some redeeming value. Jesse Marshall explains why and also why Hollywood hasn’t made a Seminole Wars film in nearly three quarters of a century.   
Naked in the Sun is based on the Frank Slaughter novel, The Warrior. Also informing its story is the play, Florida Aflame.
 
Hollywood has not treated the Dade march as a fully focused movie, despite its vast cinematic possibilities and its compelling human story. Although Naked in the Sun portrayed an aspect of Dade's march, it lasted all of about 5 minutes on the screen.  Jesse Marshall suggests that Hollywood could do well by using Frank Laumer's 1968 account of the Dade Battle, Massacre!,  because of its engaging narrative that reads more like a novel than a work of non-fiction history.
Host Patrick Swan is a board member with the Seminole Wars Foundation. He is a combat veteran and of the U.S. Army, serving in Iraq, Afghanistan, Kuwait, and Kosovo, and at the Pentagon after 9/11. A military historian, he holds masters degrees in Public History, Communication, and Homeland Security, and is a graduate of the US Army War College with an advanced degree in strategic studies. This podcast is recorded at the homestead of the Seminole Wars Foundation in Bushnell, Florida. 
Subscribe automatically to the Seminole Wars through your favorite podcast provider, such as iHeart or Stitcher or Spotify, DoubleTwist, or Pandora or Google podcasts or iTunes, or ... Check it out so you always get the latest episode without delay where and when you want it. Like us on Facebook, LinkedIn, and YouTube!

SW075 At 100 Years, Dade Park Remains a Central Point Raising Awareness of US-Seminole Conflict

Event note: The Dade Battlefield Historic State Park hosts Florida Heritage Day and a Dade Park Centennial Celebration all day on Nov. 13. The gathering includes Florida Music - Folk Crafts - Living History Demonstrations - Pioneer Games for Kids - Hands-on Activities for Kids and Adults and Food Vendors.
In our last episode, Steve Rinck traced the state of the Dade Battlefield from the 1836 recovery mission to the site becoming a historic Florida state park 100 years ago this month, September 1921 and then up to the present. In this episode, Jean McNary, a long-time educator about the Seminole Wars, brings us into the park itself in the last 50 years.
Above, the annual battle reenactment brings thousands to the park each January. Below, the famous statue of "Major Dade" as represented in statuary form by a Union private from the Civil War.
Below, the view of the visitor center from the reconstructed breastworks. 
Teacher Jean McNary wrote about the Dade Battle for graduate school in 1969. After moving to Florida to teach, she married. She and her husband, a state park ranger, lived at the park in the late 1970s. 
In the classroom and at the park, students learn about the Dade Battle and the Seminole Wars. Children come to Dade park for recreational activities as part of the Dade Pioneers group. 
Park Manager Bill Gruber demonstrates an era firearm to visitors. 
Jean has remained a key supporter for the Dade Battlefield Society, serving multiple terms as its president in the 2000s. Retired now, Jean remains involved in the annual Dade Battlefield Reenactment each January and with park events throughout the year.
Jean McNary (with hat) walks with fellow marchers (including Frank Laumer as a foot soldier) from Tampa to the Dade Battlefield in 1988. She later invited Jerry Morris (not pictured) to speak about soldier rations to her high school students.
 
Marker outside the park and patch. Learn more at https://www.floridastateparks.org/parks-and-trails/dade-battlefield-historic-state-park
 
Learn more at https://dadebattlefield.com/dade-battlefield-society-inc-501c3.html
 
Host Patrick Swan is a board member with the Seminole Wars Foundation. He is a combat veteran and of the U.S. Army, serving in Iraq, Afghanistan, Kuwait, and Kosovo, and at the Pentagon after 9/11. A military historian, he holds masters degrees in Public History, Communication, and Homeland Security, and is a graduate of the US Army War College with an advanced degree in strategic studies. This podcast is recorded at the homestead of the Seminole Wars Foundation in Bushnell, Florida. 
Subscribe automatically to the Seminole Wars through your favorite podcast provider, such as iHeart or Stitcher or Spotify, DoubleTwist, or Pandora or Google podcasts or iTunes, or ... Check it out so you always get the latest episode without delay where and when you want it. Like us on Facebook, LinkedIn, and YouTube!
 

SW074 Dade Battlefield Marks Centennial as a Historic State Park; Balances Seminole War Commemoration with Recreation Opportunities

Event note: The Dade Battlefield Historic State Park hosts Florida Heritage Day and a Dade Park Centennial Celebration all day on Nov. 13. The gathering includes Florida Music - Folk Crafts - Living History Demonstrations - Pioneer Games for Kids - Hands-on Activities for Kids and Adults and Food Vendors.
September 2021 marks the one-hundred-year anniversary of the state’s acquisition of the land we call the Dade Battlefield to create the historic state park in Bushnell. The State and park officials commemorate this anniversary in an all-day event in conjunction with Florida Heritage Day, on Saturday, November 13, 2021.
This is a story of local Floridians with a sense of history and of honor who campaigned to formalize the battlefield forever more as hallowed ground. Without their efforts, especially the park’s greatest advocate, Judge Bryan Koonce, today the land might be in private hands, long since developed and with no traces remaining of the seminal fight that began the Second Seminole War.
The infamous "Kepi Cap" Civil War-Era private that park visitors dubbed "Major Dade". 
The state's acquisition earned little news coverage; however, the formal dedication ceremony on America's birthday, July 4, 1922, noted a dignified gathering who openned the park for picnicking and play. 
Steven Rinck, president of the Seminole Wars Foundation and a long-time president of the Dade Battlefield Society, joins us to tell this fascinating story of purpose, determination, and tenacity to create a haven where the dead can be honored and the living can enjoy its leisure time.
Host Patrick Swan is a board member with the Seminole Wars Foundation. He is a combat veteran and of the U.S. Army, serving in Iraq, Afghanistan, Kuwait, and Kosovo, and at the Pentagon after 9/11. A military historian, he holds masters degrees in Public History, Communication, and Homeland Security, and is a graduate of the US Army War College with an advanced degree in strategic studies. This podcast is recorded at the homestead of the Seminole Wars Foundation in Bushnell, Florida. 
Subscribe automatically to the Seminole Wars through your favorite podcast provider, such as iHeart or Stitcher or Spotify, DoubleTwist, or Pandora or Google podcasts or iTunes, or ... Check it out so you always get the latest episode without delay where and when you want it. Like us on Facebook, LinkedIn, and YouTube!
 

SW073 Showing Mercy and Compassion, the Creek Pocahontas Milly Francis Changed Whites Perception of Indians as Agents of their Destiny

Milly Francis was the daughter of a Creek prophet who changed the world by showing mercy and compassion for a captured U.S. Army private on the chopping block. This perplexed some whites at the time as they did not think Indians could show mercy or compassion but were, as the stereotypes went, savages. Other whites new the significance of her intervention to save that soldier’s life. They should have. Milly Francis, the Creek Pocahontas destroyed uninformed and prejudicial views of native Americans. She changed the world’s understanding of the civilization the Creek’s inhabited. She restored agency to the Creek in the public’s mind. By doing that she restored the Creek to their proper place as intelligent, resourceful people – like any group of whites viewed themselves.
Joining us to provide more detail on this fascinating woman dubbed “the Creek Pocahontas” is Rachael Conrad. Rachael is co-founder, producer and on-air talent for the award-winning travel channel, Two Egg TV.  Two Egg TV is the creation of Old Kitchen Books, exclusive publisher of works by noted Southern historian and writer Dale Cox. Two Egg TV shares adventures, stories and travels from “off the beaten path” places and locations around the South. Find them at: https://tv2egg.com/
Milly Francis: The Life & Times of the Creek Pocahontas https://smile.amazon.com/dp/0615894054/ref=cm_sw_r_awdo_navT_g_AR1DJ9KT24866J9RSFDH 
Rachael Conrad also portrays Milly Francis through living history presentations around southern Alabama and Florida. She says she uses this portrayal to help young people visualize Millie Francis as a real person so they can appreciate what Milly Francis did.
Rachael has co-authored two history books about the First Seminole War. Old Kitchen Media uses books and web ventures to support rural tourism, historic preservation, community improvement and protection of nature. When not engaged with presenting southern history with Two Egg, Rachael used her MBA from Troy University to teach undergraduate business students. And in the community, Rachael created initiatives such as Skills not Pills and Bugs Not Drugs to help kids choose better things than drugs. Drug prevention, Rachael says, is all about helping people never even try drugs.
Host Patrick Swan is a board member with the Seminole Wars Foundation. He is a combat veteran and of the U.S. Army, serving in Iraq, Afghanistan, Kuwait, and Kosovo, and at the Pentagon after 9/11. A military historian, he holds masters degrees in Public History, Communication, and Homeland Security, and is a graduate of the US Army War College with an advanced degree in strategic studies. This podcast is recorded at the homestead of the Seminole Wars Foundation in Bushnell, Florida. 
Subscribe automatically to the Seminole Wars through your favorite podcast provider, such as iHeart or Stitcher or Spotify, DoubleTwist, or Pandora or Google podcasts or iTunes, or ... Check it out so you always get the latest episode without delay where and when you want it. Like us on Facebook, LinkedIn, and YouTube!

SW072 Osceola‘s Treaty Rejection, Assassination of Indian Agent Gain Him Enduring Notoriety

After 71 episodes, this week we finally get to Osceola. It won't be the last time. 
Osceola, known sometimes by his American name Billy Powell, is many things in the American imagination. He was neither a chief nor a war chief but more of a sub-chief, with a small cadre of Indians under his command. He DID stab the treaty with his knife, no? Everybody said he did. Great Indian chiefs always stab their knives into unfair treaties, right? Some say that if he did not stab a treaty, then he should have. 
So, if he didn't stab the treaty, was there any other reason why was he influential? Why is he often the only Seminole a person-in-the-street can name? What did he do to gain such lasting notoriety? In short, what do we know as fact about Osceola? 
Jesse Marshall, historian and autodidact, returns to describe what we know about Osceola. He explains, in his view, why the Army and the U.S. Federal government merely sought to remove Osceola to the Oklahoma Territory rather than try him in court for the murder of Indian Agent Wiley Thompson. And he tells why Osceola was wary of being sent to Oklahoma Territory, but not because of his shooting of Thompson. Listen to find out why.
Host Patrick Swan is a board member with the Seminole Wars Foundation. He is a combat veteran and of the U.S. Army, serving in Iraq, Afghanistan, Kuwait, and Kosovo, and at the Pentagon after 9/11. A military historian, he holds masters degrees in Public History, Communication, and Homeland Security, and is a graduate of the US Army War College with an advanced degree in strategic studies. This podcast is recorded at the homestead of the Seminole Wars Foundation in Bushnell, Florida. 
Subscribe automatically to the Seminole Wars through your favorite podcast provider, such as iHeart or Stitcher or Spotify, DoubleTwist, or Pandora or Google podcasts or iTunes, or ... Check it out so you always get the latest episode without delay where and when you want it. Like us on Facebook, LinkedIn, and YouTube!

SW071 Red Stick Creeks Leverage 1813 Mims Massacre to Avenge Prior Unprovoked Attack

In late August 1813, the Creek Nation was engaged in a civil war between the so-called Red Stick Faction that wanted to return to traditional Creek ways and the White Sticks who favored integrating with European and American ways. White settlers soon found themselves haplessly involved. In feeling threatened by the Creek war, they sought protection. Territorial militia and volunteers arrived only to creating conflict rather than eased it. They attacked Creeks at their mid-day meal at a place called Burnt Corn Creek.
On August 30, 1813, the Creeks gathered a war party and retaliated by attacking Fort Mims in lower Alabama, just north of Mobile --when the fort’s dinner bell rang. When the dust had cleared, the Battle of Fort Mims seemed more like a massacre. This armed engagement, and the war between the United States and the Red Stick Faction, lead to a string of conflicts between Americans and the existing Indian populations in the Southeast, including Florida. The Fort Mims battle was one piece in a conflict that ran roughly from 1812 until 1858 when the Second Seminole War ended. Americans retaliated for Fort Mims and defeated the Red Sticks at the Battle of Horsehoe Bend in 1814. Red Stick Faction refugees migrated to Spanish Florida where they integrated with Miccosukee and Seminole tribes. One of those refugees was a youth called Billy Powell or, as our listeners know him, Osceola. He would carry memories conveyed to him by his Great Uncle Peter McQueen, one of the leaders of the Creeks at Fort Mims. How the Red Sticks fought would inform his own actions in the Second Seminole war.
 
The Battle of Fort Mims is re-enacted as spectacle Aug. 29 and 30 at Tensaw, Alabama, where a reconstructed Fort Mims stands.
Southern writer, historian, and Creek Indian reenactor, Dale Cox joins us to narrate and explain the tale. Hailing from the quant little community of Two Egg, Florida, Dale has authored or co-authored more than one dozen books on Southern history and culture. Of interest to listeners is his more recent focus on the Creek and Seminole Wars in Florida, Georgia and Alabama. These include the first two volumes in a four-book series - Fort Gaines, Georgia: A Military History; and Fort Scott, Fort Hughes & Camp Recovery: Three 19th Century military sites in Southwest Georgia. He has done pioneering research on the Negro Fort at Prospect Bluff for which he published his findings and has authored a biography of Millie Francis, the Creek Pocahantas. He has also written about Fowltown, the first battle of the Seminole Wars. In other words, you know we will be hearing again from Dale Cox on this podcast.
 
With Rachael Conrad, he founded TwoEggTV which produces short entertaining historical documentaries about these early 19th century events in the lower American Southeast. Two Egg TV features scenic outdoor locations, historic sites, legends, live events and more. Although many of their stories end up on commercial television throughout the world, our listeners can find them on YouTube and from their website, TwoEggTV.com
Host Patrick Swan is a board member with the Seminole Wars Foundation. He is a combat veteran and of the U.S. Army, serving in Iraq, Afghanistan, Kuwait, and Kosovo, and at the Pentagon after 9/11. A military historian, he holds masters degrees in Public History, Communication, and Homeland Security, and is a graduate of the US Army War College with an advanced degree in strategic studies. This podcast is recorded at the homestead of the Seminole Wars Foundation in Bushnell, Florida. 
Subscribe automatically to the Seminole Wars through your favorite podcast provider, such as iHeart or Stitcher or Spotify, DoubleTwist, or Pandora or Google podcasts or iTunes, or ... Check it out so you always get the latest episode without delay where and when you want it. Like us on Facebook, LinkedIn, and YouTube!

SW070 GARI Excavations Under the now-Reconstructed Fort King Reveal Daily 1830s' Life

From the port at Fort Brooke in Tampa, the Fort King Road stretched 100 miles north to Fort King itself, near present-day Ocala. That fort skirted edge of the Seminole Indians' Central Florida reservation. Why was it built there? What was its purpose? How important was Fort King's role to the Second Seminole War? What survives of the fort today? 
Sean Norman, acting director of GARI, Gulf Archaeological Research Institute, returns to answer these questions and to examine the quality of the reconstructed Fort King, what will be done with the blacksmith shop, how the community has partnered well with Fort King to ensure orderly and organized archaeological digs are well funded and supported, and what GARI's survey revealed and enabled about Fort King.
 
Host Patrick Swan is a board member with the Seminole Wars Foundation. He is a combat veteran and of the U.S. Army, serving in Iraq, Afghanistan, Kuwait, and Kosovo, and at the Pentagon after 9/11. A military historian, he holds masters degrees in Public History, Communication, and Homeland Security, and is a graduate of the US Army War College with an advanced degree in strategic studies. This podcast is recorded at the homestead of the Seminole Wars Foundation in Bushnell, Florida. 
Subscribe automatically to the Seminole Wars through your favorite podcast provider, such as iHeart or Stitcher or Spotify, DoubleTwist, or Pandora or Google podcasts or iTunes, or ... Check it out so you always get the latest episode without delay where and when you want it. Like us on Facebook, LinkedIn, and YouTube!